A critical approach within
internet studies that examines the internet through lenses of power, capital, colonialism, and ideology. It challenges the narrative of the internet as inherently liberating, revealing how it reproduces and amplifies existing inequalities: digital divides, surveillance infrastructure, platform capitalism, algorithmic
discrimination, and the extraction of value from users. Critical analysis also explores counter‑movements: net neutrality activism, open source communities, digital rights advocacy, and attempts to build
decentralized, community‑owned networks. It insists that the internet is not a given but a contested terrain.