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Frankenstein Science

The actual, messy, context-dependent practice of doing science, which involves patching together different methods, instruments, theories, and social norms. It is not the idealized image of hypothesis-testing and peer review; it is real-world science with its failed experiments, dead ends, personality conflicts, and lucky accidents. Frankenstein Science embraces that anomaly is normal, replication is rare, and contradiction is often ignored until a paradigm shift. Recognizing Frankenstein Science helps combat scientism and unrealistic expectations of perfection.
Example: “The team’s Frankenstein Science included machine learning, back-of-the-envelope calculations, and a postdoc’s hunch—not elegant, but it discovered the new material.”
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Frankenstein Science Theory

A meta-scientific framework arguing that actual scientific practice is not a unified, coherent method but a patchwork of heterogeneous approaches, models, and standards. It borrows from Feyerabend’s epistemological anarchism: science works because it breaks its own rules, stiches together incompatible methodologies, and tolerates contradictions. No single “scientific method” exists; instead, successful science uses whatever works—controlled experiments, natural history, simulations, serendipity, even intuition. The “Frankenstein” metaphor emphasizes that science is a bricolage, not a cathedral. This theory challenges textbook accounts of “the scientific method” and explains why science is so creative and resilient.
Example: “Frankenstein Science Theory explains how Einstein used thought experiments (not empirical), while Pasteur used controlled trials—two methods, same science.”

Frankenstein Sciences

The actual heterogeneous collection of disciplines, sub-disciplines, and hybrid fields that coexist without logical coherence. They include biophysics, neuroeconomics, sociobiology, and many others that merge incompatible frameworks. Frankenstein Sciences are not inferior; they are the engine of innovation. They tolerate conceptual contradictions and methodological mismatches for the sake of problem-solving.
Example: “Frankenstein Sciences like astrobiology stitch together astronomy, chemistry, and biology—none consistent with each other, but together they search for alien life.”

Frankenstein Sciences Theory

A broader framework extending Frankenstein Science Theory to the relations between multiple scientific disciplines. It posits that the sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology) are not hierarchically arranged (physics at the bottom, sociology at the top) but are assembled from overlapping, often inconsistent ontologies and methods. There is no unified “science”; there are sciences that talk across each other, borrow methods, ignore contradictions, and stitch together local coherences. Interdisciplinarity is not the fusion of fields but the creation of Frankenstein monsters that work despite their internal tensions.
Example: “Frankenstein Sciences Theory explains why cognitive neuroscience works despite the contradiction between neural and psychological descriptions—two sciences stitched together for practical use.”
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