A vocoder is a sound effect that can make a human voice sound synthetic. It is often used to speak like a robot, with a metallic and monotonous voice.
To put it
simple: whenever you speak, your voice consists of
two components. The first component is your basic voice type, produced by your vocal chords. It varies in pitch but remains nearly constant in type and is quite unique. That's why you can distinguish between persons when you hear their voices. The second component is how you modulate the basic voice. Modulation means that you dynamically amplify and attenuate frequencies. This is
done by the mouth and tongue when you speak.
The benefit of doing this is, you can make the carrier speak or sing. As a side effect, the formant'
s voice type is absolutely
irrelevant to the output so everybody (even those with an ugly voice) can create cool and futuristic samples.
If you want to hear good examples of it's usage, listen to a few songs from Zapp &
Roger/
Roger Troutman.