Chemical element boron has the atomic number 5 and the letter B in its symbol. It is an amorphous brown powder and a brittle, ebony, glossy metalloid in its crystalline form. The boron group's lightest element, boron, has three valence electrons, sanctioning it to compose covalent bonds and engender a variety of compounds, including boric
acid, sodium borate, and the very hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride.
Boron is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and the Earth's
crust because it is solely engendered by
cosmic ray spallation and supernovae rather than by
star nucleosynthesis. It makes up around 0.001 percent of the
crust's weight. It is concentrated on Earth due to the borate minerals, which are some of its most prevalent naturally occurring components. Evaporites
like borax and kernite are mined for
industrial use. Turkey, the
country that engenders the most boron minerals, has the greatest kenned reserves.
Minuscule quantities of the metalloid elemental boron are discovered in meteoroids, but otherwise boron is not found in nature on Earth. Due to contamination from carbon or other elements that are arduous to abstract, the engenderment of the highly pristine element is challenging on an industrial scale.
The elements
oxygen, carbon, boron, silicon, phosphorus, mercuric oxide, and iodide provide striking instances.
Thenard in 1808 by heating potassium and boron trioxide in an iron tube.
The material is placed into diluted hydrochloric
acid once the vigorous reaction has subsided and all of the sodium has been consumed. At this point, the soluble sodium salts dissolve, leaving the insoluble boron as a
dark powder that may be filtered out and dried.