A critical approach within internet studies that examines the
internet through lenses of power, capital, colonialism, and ideology. It challenges the narrative of the
internet as inherently liberating, revealing how it reproduces and amplifies existing inequalities: digital divides, surveillance infrastructure, platform capitalism, algorithmic discrimination, and the extraction of value from users. Critical analysis also explores counter‑movements: net neutrality activism, open source communities, digital rights advocacy, and attempts to build decentralized, community‑owned networks. It insists that the
internet is not a given but a contested terrain.