A tradition of logical and epistemological inquiry rooted in classical Indian
philosophy, particularly the Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, and Mīmāṃsā schools. Hindu logico‑epistemology examines
valid sources of knowledge (pramāṇas: perception, inference, comparison, testimony), the nature of fallacies, and the structure of debate. It differs from Western
logic by its close integration with metaphysics, soteriology, and the analysis of verbal testimony as a legitimate epistemic source. It also developed sophisticated theories of negation, universals, and the
self. Rediscovered in modern scholarship, it offers an alternative to Greco‑European logical frameworks.
Hindu Logico‑Epistemology Example: “Her work in
Hindu logico‑epistemology showed that the Nyāya school’s
theory of inference (anumāna) includes a nuanced treatment of doubt and exception that predates Western discussions of defeasibility.”