An expanded model adding two crucial dimensions to the basic framework. Axis 1: Formal-Informal (form vs. content). Axis 2: Classical-Nonclassical (standard vs. alternatives). Axis 3: Deductive-Inductive (certain inference vs. probabilistic inference). Axis 4: Monotonic-Nonmonotonic (adding premises never invalidates conclusions vs. conclusions can be defeated by new information). These four axes create sixteen logical positions. Mathematical logic is formal, classical, deductive, monotonic. Legal reasoning is informal, classical (mostly), inductive (evidence weighs), nonmonotonic (new evidence changes everything). AI reasoning is often formal, nonclassical (fuzzy, probabilistic), inductive, nonmonotonic. The 4 Axes reveal that different domains require different logics—using monotonic deductive logic for legal reasoning would be disastrous.
The 4 Axes of the Logic Spectrum "You think logic is universal. The 4 Axes show otherwise: math logic is monotonic—once proven, always proven. Legal logic is nonmonotonic—new evidence overturns verdicts. Same logic label, completely different behavior. The axes help you see why your 'logical' argument fails in court: you're using the wrong logic for the domain."
by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026
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