Metalogical Biases

Prejudices that operate at the level of metalogic—the study of the properties of logical systems themselves (like consistency, completeness, soundness). A metalogical bias might be an irrational attachment to classical logic as the "One True Logic," rejecting non-classical systems (like paraconsistent logic that tolerates contradiction) because they feel wrong or threatening, not because they are unsound for certain problems.

Metalogical Biases Example: A mathematician has a metalogical bias for completeness. They deeply distrust any proposed logical system that is proven to be inherently incomplete (like Gödel showed for arithmetic), viewing it as "broken," even if it's incredibly useful for computer science or legal reasoning where paradoxes must be managed.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Cognitive Biases of Cognitive Biases

The specific, recursive set of errors we make when trying to identify, label, and correct cognitive biases. This includes: Bias Attribution Bias (attributing others' actions to their biases, but your own to circumstances), Fallacy Fallacy applied to biases (dismissing someone's point because you spotted a bias, even if their point is valid), and the "I'm Educated on Biases" Bias (assuming knowledge of bias lists makes you immune to them).

Cognitive Biases of Cognitive Biases Example: You accuse a friend of confirmation bias for only reading news that aligns with her politics. She retorts that your accusation is itself driven by fundamental attribution error (a Cognitive Bias). You then dismiss this as a tu quoque fallacy (a Fallacy Fallacy). This infinite regress of bias accusations is the hall of mirrors created by Cognitive Biases of Cognitive Biases.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Scientific Biases

The broad range of systemic and cognitive prejudices that distort the practice of science. These include publication bias, funding bias, cultural bias in peer review, and theory-ladenness of observation. They ensure that science is not a perfectly objective mirror of nature, but a human institution whose outputs are shaped by social, economic, and psychological forces.

Scientific Biases Example: For decades, Scientific Bias against female physiology meant that heart disease was studied almost exclusively in male subjects, leading to diagnostic criteria and treatments that were less effective for women. The bias was embedded in what was considered a "standard" research subject.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Academic Biases

The prejudices inherent to the university and research institution ecosystem. These include disciplinary bias (dismissing questions from outside your field), prestige bias (favoring work from elite institutions), citation cartels, and the tyranny of trendy theory. They govern what knowledge is produced, who gets to produce it, and what gets recognized as legitimate scholarship.

Academic Biases Example: A brilliant paper using unconventional methods is rejected from a top journal. One reviewer's comment reads: "This is not how research is done in this field." This is pure Academic Bias—enforcing methodological conformity not because it's wrong, but because it's unfamiliar, protecting the paradigm and its gatekeepers.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Democratic Bias

The ideological conviction that democratic systems—elections, majority rule, public deliberation—are inherently more legitimate, moral, and effective than any other form of governance, often to the point of dismissing their documented flaws (tyranny of the majority, voter suppression, political polarization) as mere "growing pains." This bias leads to the assumption that any policy or leader chosen by a majority vote is ipso facto right, and that non-democratic societies are inherently backward or illegitimate, ignoring that democracies can produce deeply unjust outcomes and that other systems may have different strengths.

Example: After a referendum passes a law stripping a minority group of rights, proponents dismiss ethical objections by saying, "The people have spoken democratically. To oppose this is to oppose democracy itself." This Democratic Bias treats the process (a vote) as a moral forcefield, absolving the outcome (oppression) from further critique.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Majoritarian Bias

The ethical and practical error of believing that the will of the numerical majority (50%+1) should always prevail, not just in elections, but in determining what is fair, true, or just in a society. It is the operational engine of "tyranny of the majority," where minority rights, interests, and truths are sacrificed on the altar of popular sentiment. This bias confuses quantity with quality and power with justice.

Example: A town votes to ban the construction of a mosque because the majority are Christian and uncomfortable with it. Defenders say, "It's the will of the people." This Majoritarian Bias uses the majority's cultural preference to justify religious discrimination, treating democracy as a weapon rather than a protection.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026

Majority Bias

A cognitive and social tendency to instinctively side with, trust, and defer to the perceived majority opinion within a group, regardless of the opinion's factual or ethical merits. It's the mental shortcut that "if most people believe it, it must be true/safe/right." This bias underpins conformity, groupthink, and the chilling effect where dissenting voices are silenced not by law, but by the sheer social weight of assumed consensus.

Example: In a meeting, even members who privately doubt a plan will remain silent and eventually agree once they perceive (rightly or wrongly) that "most people" are for it. This Majority Bias creates false unanimity and leads to disastrous decisions because the actual distribution of critical thought is hidden by the fear of being the outlier.

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 4, 2026