The
mother of all present-day
european languages.
Originated in India.
Indo-European
Language Subfamilies:
* Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian)
* Hellenic (Greek)
* Armenian (Western Armenian, Eastern Armenian)
* Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Czech, Lithuanian)
* Albanian (Gheg, Tosk)
* Celtic (Irish Gaelic, Welsh)
* Italic (Latin, Spanish, Italian, French)
* Germanic (German, English, Danish, Dutch, Swedish,
Norwegian)
* Anatolian (extinct) (Hittite)
* Tocharian (extinct) (Tocharian A, Tocharian B)
Language Similarities:
* Indo-European voiceless stops (p, t, k) became Germanic voiceless fricatives (f, th, h):
o Indo-European pœter, Germanic (English) father (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin pater)
o Indo-European treyes, Germanic (English) three (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin tres)
o Indo-European kerd, Germanic (English) heart, (compare with non-Germanic: Latin cord)
* Indo-European voiced stops (b, d, g) became Germanic voiceless stops (p, t, k):
o Indo-European abel, Germanic (English) apple (contrast with non-Germanic: Russian jabloko)
o Indo-European dent, Germanic (English) tooth (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin dentis)
o Indo-European grœno, Germanic (English) corn (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin granum)
* voiced aspirated stops(bh, dh, gh) to voiced stops (b, d, g):
o Indo-European bhrater, Germanic (English) brother (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin frater)