Heterodox Sciences

The counterpart to orthodox sciences—the set of disciplines, fields, and approaches that challenge the dominant paradigm and are therefore marginalized, pathologized, or excluded. Heterodox sciences include everything from parapsychology and ufology to critical social science and indigenous knowledge. They are often dismissed as "pseudoscience," but they are the source of innovation and critique. Heterodox sciences are the sciences of the margins, the sciences that ask the questions orthodoxy forbids.

Example: "Heterodox sciences like parapsychology, indigenous ecology, and feminist science studies are often marginalized by orthodox institutions, but they offer valuable perspectives and critiques that orthodox science ignores."

Heterodox Sciences by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal July 12, 2026