by bobog September 16, 2004
Get the probossibly mug.Offering proper recognition or respect for a deed or reputation. Giving kudos to someone or something. Kissing ass.
by Hunkachunks October 17, 2013
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John: Where are you at?
Grammarian: NO! You can't end a sentence with a preposition!
John: Fine. Where are you at, asshole?
Grammarian: NO! You can't end a sentence with a preposition!
John: Fine. Where are you at, asshole?
by Denlah August 5, 2012
Get the preposition mug.Just a side note: If you aren't familiar with the various electoral (voting) systems around the world, please do not read this as the wording may confuse you.
An electoral (i.e., voting) process in which full representation of all parties who have received votes is achieved by closely matching the percentage of party votes to the percentage of seats allocated in legislative assemblies.
There are 3 known ways of achieving proportional representation (PR) in electoral systems.
1. Party-List PR: There's a list of pre-determined candidates (closed-list) or candidates that the voters can rank (open-list), along with some mathematical formula of allocating the seats (D'Hondt or Sainte-Lague). Countries which use Party-List PR include Israel (where the country is one closed-list constituency) and the Netherlands (open-list).
2. Additional-Member System (AMS), Mixed-Member System (MMS): Two votes, one vote for a legislator (MP -- Member of Parliament -- in places like the UK and New Zealand) to represent a single-member constituency (under plurality voting), the other vote for a party (under party-list PR). In places like Germany, a certain number of seats are blockaded off for party-based legislators. Besides Germany, New Zealand uses this (along with calculating party-list seats via the Sainte-Lague method) for its House of Representatives.
3. Single Transferable Vote (STV) (in a multi-member constituency): Usually 3 to 6 candidates per constituency. Voters number their ballot according to their preferences. The first preferences are calculated first and candidates must achieve a quota (determined by the number of votes and the number of vacant seats) in order to be elected; if none of them meet the quota, the lowest-voted candidate gets eliminated and his/her 2nd preferences allocated to the next candidate, etc., until all the constituency seats are filled. Australia uses this to elect its Senate (upper house).
The 1998 Jenkins Commission in the UK also suggested a broadly-PR type of voting system called Alternative Vote Top-Up, a variant of Additional-Member/Mixed-Member where voters number their ballot according to preferences to determine an electorate MP in single-member constituencies (just like Australia's preferential voting for its House of Representatives). The other vote is a party vote, candidates on that list for each county.
A few notes on proportional representation:
1. Parties are less likely to gain majorities in legislative assemblies, very likely resulting in coalition governments.
2. Third parties, which are often disadvantaged under FPTP (first-past-the-post), often want PR so they can get more seats but not necessarily a majority. Examples being the UK's Liberal Democrats and Canada's NDP.
For more on PR, just type "proportional representation voting" in your favorite search engine.
An electoral (i.e., voting) process in which full representation of all parties who have received votes is achieved by closely matching the percentage of party votes to the percentage of seats allocated in legislative assemblies.
There are 3 known ways of achieving proportional representation (PR) in electoral systems.
1. Party-List PR: There's a list of pre-determined candidates (closed-list) or candidates that the voters can rank (open-list), along with some mathematical formula of allocating the seats (D'Hondt or Sainte-Lague). Countries which use Party-List PR include Israel (where the country is one closed-list constituency) and the Netherlands (open-list).
2. Additional-Member System (AMS), Mixed-Member System (MMS): Two votes, one vote for a legislator (MP -- Member of Parliament -- in places like the UK and New Zealand) to represent a single-member constituency (under plurality voting), the other vote for a party (under party-list PR). In places like Germany, a certain number of seats are blockaded off for party-based legislators. Besides Germany, New Zealand uses this (along with calculating party-list seats via the Sainte-Lague method) for its House of Representatives.
3. Single Transferable Vote (STV) (in a multi-member constituency): Usually 3 to 6 candidates per constituency. Voters number their ballot according to their preferences. The first preferences are calculated first and candidates must achieve a quota (determined by the number of votes and the number of vacant seats) in order to be elected; if none of them meet the quota, the lowest-voted candidate gets eliminated and his/her 2nd preferences allocated to the next candidate, etc., until all the constituency seats are filled. Australia uses this to elect its Senate (upper house).
The 1998 Jenkins Commission in the UK also suggested a broadly-PR type of voting system called Alternative Vote Top-Up, a variant of Additional-Member/Mixed-Member where voters number their ballot according to preferences to determine an electorate MP in single-member constituencies (just like Australia's preferential voting for its House of Representatives). The other vote is a party vote, candidates on that list for each county.
A few notes on proportional representation:
1. Parties are less likely to gain majorities in legislative assemblies, very likely resulting in coalition governments.
2. Third parties, which are often disadvantaged under FPTP (first-past-the-post), often want PR so they can get more seats but not necessarily a majority. Examples being the UK's Liberal Democrats and Canada's NDP.
For more on PR, just type "proportional representation voting" in your favorite search engine.
If a party wins 45% of the popular vote, it'd be entitled to 45% of the seats under the basic concept of proportional representation.
Party-List PR is where you vote for a party (closed-list) or number candidates on a list (open-list).
Additional-Member PR or Mixed-Member PR is where you get two votes, one for your electorate, the other for a party.
Single Transferable Vote is where you rank candidates and they have to achieve a quota based on votes and vacant seats in multi-member constituencies in order to be elected.
The 1998 Jenkins Commission recommended Alternative Vote Top-Up as an alternative to the UK's current First-Past-The-Post (a.k.a. plurality winner, winner-take-all) voting system.
Political parties are less likely to achieve majorities in legislative assemblies under PR than they would under First-Past-the-Post plurality voting.
A few political parties crying for PR include the UK's Liberal Democrats and Canada's NDP (New Democratic Party). (And another side note: Even Jello Biafra, when he was trying to become the U.S. Green Party's 2000 presidential candidate, wanted to convert the U.S. Congress from the current two-party FPTP system over to PR as he said in his speech to party faithful that year.)
Party-List PR is where you vote for a party (closed-list) or number candidates on a list (open-list).
Additional-Member PR or Mixed-Member PR is where you get two votes, one for your electorate, the other for a party.
Single Transferable Vote is where you rank candidates and they have to achieve a quota based on votes and vacant seats in multi-member constituencies in order to be elected.
The 1998 Jenkins Commission recommended Alternative Vote Top-Up as an alternative to the UK's current First-Past-The-Post (a.k.a. plurality winner, winner-take-all) voting system.
Political parties are less likely to achieve majorities in legislative assemblies under PR than they would under First-Past-the-Post plurality voting.
A few political parties crying for PR include the UK's Liberal Democrats and Canada's NDP (New Democratic Party). (And another side note: Even Jello Biafra, when he was trying to become the U.S. Green Party's 2000 presidential candidate, wanted to convert the U.S. Congress from the current two-party FPTP system over to PR as he said in his speech to party faithful that year.)
by Obscure Anomaly July 17, 2006
Get the proportional representation mug.Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act of 1996, was a proposition that was passed on November 5, 1996 in the state of California. It passed with 5,382,915 votes in favor and 4,301,960 against. It allows patients with a valid doctor's recommendation, to possess and cultivate marijuana for personal medical use.
by XxTokerxX4Life August 11, 2008
Get the Proposition 215 mug.Generally, a proposition is a statement, a sentence that makes a claim such as "This water tastes bad."
There are four kinds of propositions, labeled A, E, I, and O.
An 'A' proposition claims that "All A are P."
An 'E' proposition claims that "No A are P."
An 'I' proposition claims that "Some A are P."
An 'O' proposition claims that "Some A are not P."
Propositions are used in everyday language. A simple sentence can be a proposition. A proposition is labeled for the purpose of determining its validity, its truthfulness, against other statements in logical arguments when compared to other statements in that argument.
"This water tastes bad" would be an example of an 'A' proposition, because the speaker is including all of 'this' water in his claim.
There are four kinds of propositions, labeled A, E, I, and O.
An 'A' proposition claims that "All A are P."
An 'E' proposition claims that "No A are P."
An 'I' proposition claims that "Some A are P."
An 'O' proposition claims that "Some A are not P."
Propositions are used in everyday language. A simple sentence can be a proposition. A proposition is labeled for the purpose of determining its validity, its truthfulness, against other statements in logical arguments when compared to other statements in that argument.
"This water tastes bad" would be an example of an 'A' proposition, because the speaker is including all of 'this' water in his claim.
A proposition: "A restaurant is not a clean place." "All cats are felines."
E proposition: "Not one smile is on any of their faces." "No cats are canines."
I proposition: "Some candy is sickeningly sweet." "Some cats are in the species called 'lion'."
O proposition: "Some days are not good days around here." "Some cats are not in the genus called 'Panthera'."
E proposition: "Not one smile is on any of their faces." "No cats are canines."
I proposition: "Some candy is sickeningly sweet." "Some cats are in the species called 'lion'."
O proposition: "Some days are not good days around here." "Some cats are not in the genus called 'Panthera'."
by ceclark May 10, 2012
Get the proposition mug.A question asked by a person for no real reason and only to keep the conversation flowing or begin a conversation with someone. Usually used in awkward moments of conversation or just awkward moments in general.
Conservation between John and Mary features an awkward silence.
John: So, How about that Local sports team?
Mary: What a Proposalation?!
John: So, How about that Local sports team?
Mary: What a Proposalation?!
by BigWill6195 December 5, 2009
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