abu yahya's definitions
(FINANCE) the rate at which Federal Reserve System member banks lend reserves to each other. It is the one interest rate actually set by the Federal Reserve Board. The other rates, such for treasury securities, are set by auction.
Bank reserves are a fixed percentage of deposits held in reserve against sudden demand by the depositor. In some cases bank reserves take the form of deposits with a Federal Reserve Bank, like the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.* Such deposits do not earn interest for the member bank, unless they are re-lent out at the federal funds rate.
"Federal funds" refers to emergency lending (overnight) among member banks so that the borrower can meet its reserve requirements. Reserves may include deposits with a Federal Reserve Bank which can be loaned by the member bank to another member bank (thereby earning interest).
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* Member banks in the FRS are regular national/state chartered banks, or investment banks. The FRS itself includes 12 Federal Reserve Banks, which actually do the financial work of the FRS.
Bank reserves are a fixed percentage of deposits held in reserve against sudden demand by the depositor. In some cases bank reserves take the form of deposits with a Federal Reserve Bank, like the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.* Such deposits do not earn interest for the member bank, unless they are re-lent out at the federal funds rate.
"Federal funds" refers to emergency lending (overnight) among member banks so that the borrower can meet its reserve requirements. Reserves may include deposits with a Federal Reserve Bank which can be loaned by the member bank to another member bank (thereby earning interest).
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* Member banks in the FRS are regular national/state chartered banks, or investment banks. The FRS itself includes 12 Federal Reserve Banks, which actually do the financial work of the FRS.
by Abu Yahya September 4, 2010
Get the federal funds rate mug.*noun*; in Keynesian economics, the rate at which aggregate consumption rises in response to a rise in national income.
For example, suppose the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.95. If the national income is 100 billion dollars, and it rises 10%, then consumption will rise by 9.5 billion, and saving will rise by 0.5 billion.
If this theory is correct, then an expanding economy will suffer insufficient demand for its own output, and a recession will be inevitable.
This is why national governments respond to recessions with deficit spending: they are trying to counteract the MPC's effect on aggregate demand, and bring it in line with potential output.
For example, suppose the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.95. If the national income is 100 billion dollars, and it rises 10%, then consumption will rise by 9.5 billion, and saving will rise by 0.5 billion.
If this theory is correct, then an expanding economy will suffer insufficient demand for its own output, and a recession will be inevitable.
This is why national governments respond to recessions with deficit spending: they are trying to counteract the MPC's effect on aggregate demand, and bring it in line with potential output.
Not only is the marginal propensity to consume weaker in a wealthy community, but, owing to its accumulation of capital being already larger, the opportunities for further investment are less attractive...
J.M. Keynes, *The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money* (1936), Ch.3
J.M. Keynes, *The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money* (1936), Ch.3
by Abu Yahya March 3, 2009
Get the marginal propensity to consume mug.Philippine slang for someone who thinks compulsively erotic thoughts; dirty minded; the tendency to give innocent phrases a sexual connotation.
Occasionally the use of the term "green minded" by Usonian English speakers (to mean "environmentally conscious") causes Pinoys great amusement.
Occasionally the use of the term "green minded" by Usonian English speakers (to mean "environmentally conscious") causes Pinoys great amusement.
WILLIAM: How long have you lived here?
ALFREDO: Ever since I came in the USA
WILLIAM: Dude, you had sex with the USA? Did she get pregnant?
ALFREDO: Aw, man, you have a green mind!
ALFREDO: Ever since I came in the USA
WILLIAM: Dude, you had sex with the USA? Did she get pregnant?
ALFREDO: Aw, man, you have a green mind!
by Abu Yahya February 22, 2010
Get the green mind mug.*noun*; global economic collapse; in the USA, this began in 1929 and persisted to 1939; most other industrialized countries emerged from the Depression earlier.
During the Great Depression, unemployment reached over 25% in the USA, and those who had jobs suffered severe wage cuts. The index of industrial output fell over 53% from its high in July '29, while trade and capital markets plummeted to mere fractions of their former levels.
*What Happened*
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Many people imagine that the Stock Market Crash (Oct '29) and the Great Depression are the same thing. However, it took another three years for employment, bank failures, and declining industrial output to run its course.
In 1929 the USA had 25,000 banks. By 1933, 10,000 had either failed or been merged with another to avoid failure. At this time there was no FDIC, so depositors mostly lost their money.
Another phenomenon was plunging prices: the consumer price index fell 25% during the first four years. For businesses, this was a disaster, and forced them to lay off millions.
The Great Depression made farms in much of the Southwest unviable; ruined farmers fled to California or Washington, and their abandoned farms succumbed to the Dust Bowl. This was the single largest ecological disaster in recorded history.
*How It Happened*
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There are basically three main explanations for the Great Depression.
1. During the 1920's, there was a huge and growing disparity between rich and poor. The incomes of the great majority rose much more slowly than productivity, but this was masked by increased borrowing. People were able to borrow because the market value of their assets was larger than what they owed; but when a rash of defaults occurred, then the market value of assets plummeted, and people owed more than their assets were worth. Businesses had to lay off workers, which further reduced aggregate demand.
2. The Great Depression began as another minor downturn, but was made much worse by the failure of the Federal Reserve to respond adequately (see Milton Friedman & Anna Schwartz). While the Fed reduced interest rates, prices fell even faster, so real interest rates soared. This made a quick recovery impossible.
3. The financial markets (combined with Fed supervision) distributed capital badly; for example, speculative ventures in growing wheat in the Great American Desert, real estate in Florida, and so on. When this arrangement of productive resources failed, it constituted an extremely large technology shock. Subsequent policy intervention tended to withhold capital and labor from the most productive enterprises, making the depression deeper.
(Explanation 3 is the New Classical economics explanation; see Harold Cole & Lee Ohanian.)
*Roosevelt Administration*
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Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected by a landslide in 1932, and inaugurated 4 March 1933. The White House immediately used emergency powers to close, restructure, and re-open the nation's banks. During the first 100 days of the FDR administration, Congress passed the New Deal which greatly eased the impact of the Depression on the hardest hit.
The New Deal did not significantly hasten the end of the Great Depression, because it was too small to provide a meaningful fiscal stimulus. However, it did introduce many important programs to help those affected by poverty. The Depression had ended in most of the world by 1937; the US was mostly recovered by 1939, when World War 2 broke out.
During the Great Depression, unemployment reached over 25% in the USA, and those who had jobs suffered severe wage cuts. The index of industrial output fell over 53% from its high in July '29, while trade and capital markets plummeted to mere fractions of their former levels.
*What Happened*
_____________________________________
Many people imagine that the Stock Market Crash (Oct '29) and the Great Depression are the same thing. However, it took another three years for employment, bank failures, and declining industrial output to run its course.
In 1929 the USA had 25,000 banks. By 1933, 10,000 had either failed or been merged with another to avoid failure. At this time there was no FDIC, so depositors mostly lost their money.
Another phenomenon was plunging prices: the consumer price index fell 25% during the first four years. For businesses, this was a disaster, and forced them to lay off millions.
The Great Depression made farms in much of the Southwest unviable; ruined farmers fled to California or Washington, and their abandoned farms succumbed to the Dust Bowl. This was the single largest ecological disaster in recorded history.
*How It Happened*
_____________________________________
There are basically three main explanations for the Great Depression.
1. During the 1920's, there was a huge and growing disparity between rich and poor. The incomes of the great majority rose much more slowly than productivity, but this was masked by increased borrowing. People were able to borrow because the market value of their assets was larger than what they owed; but when a rash of defaults occurred, then the market value of assets plummeted, and people owed more than their assets were worth. Businesses had to lay off workers, which further reduced aggregate demand.
2. The Great Depression began as another minor downturn, but was made much worse by the failure of the Federal Reserve to respond adequately (see Milton Friedman & Anna Schwartz). While the Fed reduced interest rates, prices fell even faster, so real interest rates soared. This made a quick recovery impossible.
3. The financial markets (combined with Fed supervision) distributed capital badly; for example, speculative ventures in growing wheat in the Great American Desert, real estate in Florida, and so on. When this arrangement of productive resources failed, it constituted an extremely large technology shock. Subsequent policy intervention tended to withhold capital and labor from the most productive enterprises, making the depression deeper.
(Explanation 3 is the New Classical economics explanation; see Harold Cole & Lee Ohanian.)
*Roosevelt Administration*
_____________________________________
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected by a landslide in 1932, and inaugurated 4 March 1933. The White House immediately used emergency powers to close, restructure, and re-open the nation's banks. During the first 100 days of the FDR administration, Congress passed the New Deal which greatly eased the impact of the Depression on the hardest hit.
The New Deal did not significantly hasten the end of the Great Depression, because it was too small to provide a meaningful fiscal stimulus. However, it did introduce many important programs to help those affected by poverty. The Depression had ended in most of the world by 1937; the US was mostly recovered by 1939, when World War 2 broke out.
The NBER business cycle chronology dates the start of the Great Depression in August 1929. For this reason many have said that the Depression started on Main Street and not Wall Street. Be that as it may, the stock market plummeted in October of 1929. The bursting of the speculative bubble had been achieved and the economy was now headed in an ominous direction.
Randall Parker, "An Overview of the Great Depression" (2002)
Randall Parker, "An Overview of the Great Depression" (2002)
by Abu Yahya March 6, 2009
Get the Great Depression mug.*noun*; the tendency for the public to want to hold income in cash relative to its willingness to hold it as interest-bearing savings (bonds).
The liquidity preference is analogous to a supply curve for lendable funds. If the price for lendable funds--that is to say, the interest rate--is high, then the amount be be large. If the interest rate is low, then the public will be more inclined to hoard income as cash.
Income held as cash is not spent on goods and services, so if the amount increases abruptly then there will be a recession. If it is held in some interest-bearing form, then it can be spent on fixed capital, thereby increasing output and employment.
During a recession, if the liquidity preference is high, a lot of money is going to be held as cash. One could free up some cash for job-creating investment by raising interest rates, but that would eradicate a lot of business opportunities. So monetary authorities monetize debt instead, creating a new supply of credit to replace the savings lost by falling interest rates.
The liquidity preference is analogous to a supply curve for lendable funds. If the price for lendable funds--that is to say, the interest rate--is high, then the amount be be large. If the interest rate is low, then the public will be more inclined to hoard income as cash.
Income held as cash is not spent on goods and services, so if the amount increases abruptly then there will be a recession. If it is held in some interest-bearing form, then it can be spent on fixed capital, thereby increasing output and employment.
During a recession, if the liquidity preference is high, a lot of money is going to be held as cash. One could free up some cash for job-creating investment by raising interest rates, but that would eradicate a lot of business opportunities. So monetary authorities monetize debt instead, creating a new supply of credit to replace the savings lost by falling interest rates.
...An individual’s liquidity preference is given by a schedule of the amounts of his resources, valued in terms of money or of wage-units, which he will wish to retain in the form of money....
John M. Keynes, *General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money* (1936), Ch.13
John M. Keynes, *General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money* (1936), Ch.13
by Abu Yahya March 3, 2009
Get the liquidity preference mug.(US HISTORY) National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act); 1935 law that permitted most US workers to form labor unions. It created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce this right. Named for Sen. Robert F. Wagner (D-NY).
The NLRB conducts secret-ballot elections to determine whether employees want union representation and also investigates unlawful labor practices by employers and unions. The act guarantees employees the right to organize, choose representatives, and bargain collectively. The NLRB regulates all employers involved in interstate commerce other than transport, agriculture, and government.
The NLRB conducts secret-ballot elections to determine whether employees want union representation and also investigates unlawful labor practices by employers and unions. The act guarantees employees the right to organize, choose representatives, and bargain collectively. The NLRB regulates all employers involved in interstate commerce other than transport, agriculture, and government.
by Abu Yahya April 5, 2010
Get the NLRA mug.*noun*; a subdivision of economics that focuses on addressing recessions by stimulating supply, rather than demand. During a recession, supply siders recommend cutting taxes rather than increasing government spending.
"Supply side" is in contrast to traditional practitioners of Keynesianism, "demand siders" who believe the main fiscal policy tool for recessions should be increased government spending.
Both supply siders and demand siders believe the government is responsible for formulating effective fiscal policy during recessions.
The most famous advocate of supply side economics was Arthur Laffer.
"Supply side" is in contrast to traditional practitioners of Keynesianism, "demand siders" who believe the main fiscal policy tool for recessions should be increased government spending.
Both supply siders and demand siders believe the government is responsible for formulating effective fiscal policy during recessions.
The most famous advocate of supply side economics was Arthur Laffer.
When Ronald Reagan ...promised to cut taxes ...he claimed tax revenue would go up, not down... as the economy boomed in response to lower rates. Since then, supply side economics ... has become a central tenet of Republican political and economic thinking in the country.
"McCain sticks to Supply Side Economics..." *International Herald Tribune* (24 March 2008)
"McCain sticks to Supply Side Economics..." *International Herald Tribune* (24 March 2008)
by Abu Yahya March 5, 2009
Get the Supply Side Economics mug.