Institutional
racism, also known as systemic
racism, is defined as policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization and that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on
race. It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, education and political representation.1
The term institutional
racism was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.2 Carmichael and Hamilton wrote in 1967 that, while individual
racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional
racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional
racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than individual
racism".3
Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the UK's Lawrence report (1999) as: "The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes, and behavior that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and
racist stereotyping, which disadvantage minority ethnic people.
