Community-Based Democracy

An umbrella term for democratic models that root political legitimacy and decision-making processes in pre-existing or intentionally formed communities, defined by geography, ethnicity, workplace, or shared interest. The community, not the abstract individual citizen, is the primary political actor. This approach often emphasizes consensus-building and cultural traditions over majoritarian voting.

Example: Many Indigenous governance systems, such as the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy’s Grand Council, operate on principles of Community-Based Democracy. Representatives (sachems) from each clan and nation deliberate with a mandate from their community, aiming for consensus in a system deeply tied to cultural and spiritual practices.

Community-Based Democracy by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Assembly-Based Democracy

A synonym for Assembly Democracy, stressing that the assembly is the basis of the entire political system. All other institutions (councils, magistrates, courts) are subordinate to and recallable by the sovereign assembly of the people.

Example: Ancient Athenian democracy was an Assembly-Based Democracy for its citizen body. The Ecclesia (assembly) of all male citizens met regularly to vote on laws, declare war, and elect officials. While not inclusive by modern standards, it placed the assembly at the absolute center of power.

Assembly-Based Democracy by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Commune-Based Democracy

Essentially synonymous with Communal Democracy, emphasizing the commune as the foundational cell. The term often carries a stronger connotation of the commune being an integrated social and economic unit, not just a political one, practicing collective ownership and mutual aid internally.

Example: The theoretical vision of Murray Bookchin’s Communalism or Libertarian Municipalism advocates for a Commune-Based Democracy. Neighborhood assemblies would form the base, federating into confederations to manage regional affairs, replacing the state with a networked system of directly democratic, ecological communes.

Commune-Based Democracy by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Local-Based Democracy

A reiteration of the Local Democracy principle, reinforcing the idea that the local unit isn't just one level among many, but the primary source of democratic legitimacy and power. Higher levels of governance are seen as service providers or coordinators for the local units, not rulers over them.

Example: The Swiss canton system, particularly in small cantons like Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden that still hold annual Landsgemeinde (open-air assemblies), exemplifies Local-Based Democracy. Cantons retain immense sovereignty, and the federal government’s power is constitutionally limited, preserving local primacy.

Local-Based Democracy by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Community-Based Society

A social, economic, and political model where the primary unit of organization, identity, and decision-making is the community—a cohesive group bound by geography, shared culture, mutual aid, or common purpose. This society is structured from the bottom-up, with neighborhoods, villages, or intentional communities holding sovereign authority over their local resources, social norms, and governance. The broader "society" exists as a confederation or network of these autonomous communities, cooperating for large-scale projects but retaining local control. It prioritizes social bonds, ecological sustainability, and collective well-being over individualism and centralized state or corporate power.

Example: The vision of a Community-Based Society is embodied in Murray Bookchin's Libertarian Municipalism, where democratically run town assemblies would form confederations, replacing the nation-state. Real-world glimpses include the Zapatista autonomous municipalities in Chiapas, Mexico, where Indigenous communities govern themselves through local assemblies, collectively owning land and operating their own schools, clinics, and justice systems.

Community-Based Society by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Assembly-Based Society

A political system where the foundational and sovereign institution is the popular assembly—a regular, face-to-face gathering of all citizens in a given area for the purpose of debate, legislation, and administration. This society scales through nested assemblies, where local assemblies send recallable delegates to regional or thematic councils with strictly limited, imperative mandates. It is direct democracy made infrastructural, demanding high participation and thriving on small-scale, decentralized organization. The assembly is the literal and figurative town square where society is continuously made and remade.

Example: Historical Ancient Athens, for its citizen male population, was an Assembly-Based Society with its Ecclesia. A modern speculative vision is found in the Cantonalist movement during the Spanish Civil War, where towns and cities in Aragon and Catalonia were run by worker and neighborhood assemblies, attempting to build a society from the assembly hall outward before being crushed.

Assembly-Based Society by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026

Local-Based Society

A governance philosophy and social model organized around the principle of subsidiarity: all decisions and powers should reside at the most local level possible. A "local-based society" views the neighborhood, town, or city as the primary and most legitimate scale of human organization. Higher levels of governance (county, region, nation) exist only to handle tasks explicitly beyond local capacity, and they derive their authority from the consent of the local units. This model seeks to maximize accountability, cultural specificity, and civic engagement by rooting power where people live their daily lives.

Example: Switzerland's cantonal system is a strong real-world approximation of a Local-Based Society. Cantons (and even communes within them) have immense autonomy over taxation, education, and law. The federal government's powers are constitutionally limited, preserving local sovereignty. This is why two neighboring Swiss villages can have radically different tax rates and school systems.

Local-Based Society by Dumu The Void February 5, 2026