The largest Hispanophonic countries, in order of population, are
Mexico (111,211,789)
Colombia (43,677,372)
Argentina (40,913,584)
Spain (40,525,002)
USA (35,000,000?)
Peru (29,546,963)
Venezuela (26,814,843)
Chile (16,601,707)
Ecuador (14,573,101)
Guatemala (13,276,517)
Cuba (11,451,652)
Bolivia (9,775,246)
The Dominican Republic (9,650,054)
Honduras (7,833,696)
El Salvador (7,185,218)
Paraguay (6,995,655)
Nicaragua (5,891,199)
Costa Rica (4,253,877)
Mexico (111,211,789)
Colombia (43,677,372)
Argentina (40,913,584)
Spain (40,525,002)
USA (35,000,000?)
Peru (29,546,963)
Venezuela (26,814,843)
Chile (16,601,707)
Ecuador (14,573,101)
Guatemala (13,276,517)
Cuba (11,451,652)
Bolivia (9,775,246)
The Dominican Republic (9,650,054)
Honduras (7,833,696)
El Salvador (7,185,218)
Paraguay (6,995,655)
Nicaragua (5,891,199)
Costa Rica (4,253,877)
by Abu Yahya May 18, 2010
Get the Hispanophonic mug.(ECONOMICS) the central bank of the United States; often called "the Fed" for short. Sole bank of issue for the US dollar since 1971*; issuer of nearly all US currency since 1914.
Created in December 1913 through the Federal Reserve Act; while signed into law by Pres. Wilson, the basic outline of the FRB was developed by the Aldrich-Vreeland Committee (see Aldrich-Vreeland Act) during the Taft Administration (1909-1913).
In addition to issuing currency, the Fed is responsible for some (but not all) oversight of banks; management of the nation's money supply (using purchases and sales of US Treasury securities; see monetary policy); and management of a national check clearing system.
The Fed includes two central managing committees, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It also has 12 district banks; each is known as a Federal Reserve Bank.
The Federal Reserve System is a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS).
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*Until 1971, the US Treasury issued a small share of bank notes, or "national notes." They were almost identical in appearance to Federal Reserve notes.
Between 1863 and 1935, federally chartered banks national banks were allowed to issue currency equal to 90% of US treasury securities deposited with the US Treasury. After 1914, when the Fed commenced operations, it nearly stopped entirely.
Created in December 1913 through the Federal Reserve Act; while signed into law by Pres. Wilson, the basic outline of the FRB was developed by the Aldrich-Vreeland Committee (see Aldrich-Vreeland Act) during the Taft Administration (1909-1913).
In addition to issuing currency, the Fed is responsible for some (but not all) oversight of banks; management of the nation's money supply (using purchases and sales of US Treasury securities; see monetary policy); and management of a national check clearing system.
The Fed includes two central managing committees, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It also has 12 district banks; each is known as a Federal Reserve Bank.
The Federal Reserve System is a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS).
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*Until 1971, the US Treasury issued a small share of bank notes, or "national notes." They were almost identical in appearance to Federal Reserve notes.
Between 1863 and 1935, federally chartered banks national banks were allowed to issue currency equal to 90% of US treasury securities deposited with the US Treasury. After 1914, when the Fed commenced operations, it nearly stopped entirely.
The Federal Reserve System has twelve district banks, whose management is chose by bank holding companies. The president of each district bank is himself likely to have been an officer of a bank holding company. Hence, regulatory capture was built into the system from the beginning.
by Abu Yahya May 05, 2010
Get the Federal Reserve System mug.(ECONOMICS) ratio between a country's foreign exchange rate and the real purchasing power of its local currency.
The actual exchange rate between (say) the yen and the US dollar tells you nothing about the relative strength of the two currencies. The US dollar buys 92.57 yen (17 May 2010) right now, which sounds like a lot. But $100, converted into ¥9,257, only buys $71 worth of actual goods & services. In order for the yen:dollar exchange rate to reflect real purchasing power of the two currencies, the US dollar should be able to buy ¥130.
The real exchange rate for the US dollar against the Japanese yen is 1.41 (meaning the yen is costlier than the dollar in real terms).
The actual exchange rate between (say) the yen and the US dollar tells you nothing about the relative strength of the two currencies. The US dollar buys 92.57 yen (17 May 2010) right now, which sounds like a lot. But $100, converted into ¥9,257, only buys $71 worth of actual goods & services. In order for the yen:dollar exchange rate to reflect real purchasing power of the two currencies, the US dollar should be able to buy ¥130.
The real exchange rate for the US dollar against the Japanese yen is 1.41 (meaning the yen is costlier than the dollar in real terms).
The recent (March-May) fall of the euro against the US dollar has brought the real exchange rate of the two currencies into approximate parity.
by Abu Yahya May 18, 2010
Get the real exchange rate mug.(BUSINESS) a closely-held corporation has all or most of its stock owned by the management of the firm. In many cases, it has no stock at all (see "going public"), in which case it is a private company.
Usually people say "private corporation" to mean any company that is unaffiliated with the government, or any company run mainly for profit. It's impossible to buck this trend, so corporations with no issues of stock, or negligible amounts of stock held by the public, are called "private companies" despite the fact that not all companies are corporations. Cargill, Inc., for example, has annual revenues of $117 billion, but no shares available for trade. On the other hand, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young are private companies but not a corporations. They are limited liability partnerships. The term "closely held" would not apply to them since partnerships do not issue stock.
Usually people say "private corporation" to mean any company that is unaffiliated with the government, or any company run mainly for profit. It's impossible to buck this trend, so corporations with no issues of stock, or negligible amounts of stock held by the public, are called "private companies" despite the fact that not all companies are corporations. Cargill, Inc., for example, has annual revenues of $117 billion, but no shares available for trade. On the other hand, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young are private companies but not a corporations. They are limited liability partnerships. The term "closely held" would not apply to them since partnerships do not issue stock.
Koch Industries is a super-sized, closely held corporation with two owners--Charles and David Koch, heirs to the oil refiner Fred Koch. Thanks to this peculiar status, magazines like Forbes are not allowed to report ANY financial statistics of the company at all (sales figures are suspiciously rounded to "$100,000,000,000.00").
Publix Super Markets (at the other end of the spectrum) is closely held--by its 125,000 employees.
Publix Super Markets (at the other end of the spectrum) is closely held--by its 125,000 employees.
by Abu Yahya September 03, 2010
Get the closely held mug.(VERB) to ignore the fact that a particular action was a crime, and focus instead on possible problems it may cause for the perpetrator. Named for Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754-1838), who famously remarked of Napoleon's murder of the Duc d'Enghein, "It was worse than a crime... It was a blunder."
Sometimes this is misspelled "tallyranding." It's not certain that Talleyrand ever said it; it was probably attributed by his many enemies.
WHY IT'S BAD
In March 1804, when Napoleon Bonaparte was consul of the French Republic, he became aware of the fact that a leader of the royalist opposition was hiding out across the border of France. Napoleon had him kidnapped, brought back to Strasbourg, "tried," and put to death. The unfortunate young man was never accused of doing anything illegal; he had not violated the laws of the French Republic because he was not in France, and when he had been, he was serving the previous government.
Whoever actually said "...worse than a crime...a blunder" was ignoring the fact that it was a crime to murder an innocent person, and focusing instead on the fact that it was DUMB. In some cases, such as this one, it's a reasonable thing to do; but if it becomes a habit then moral judgment is deliberately suspended.
It's the asshole's substitute for moral fiber.
Sometimes this is misspelled "tallyranding." It's not certain that Talleyrand ever said it; it was probably attributed by his many enemies.
WHY IT'S BAD
In March 1804, when Napoleon Bonaparte was consul of the French Republic, he became aware of the fact that a leader of the royalist opposition was hiding out across the border of France. Napoleon had him kidnapped, brought back to Strasbourg, "tried," and put to death. The unfortunate young man was never accused of doing anything illegal; he had not violated the laws of the French Republic because he was not in France, and when he had been, he was serving the previous government.
Whoever actually said "...worse than a crime...a blunder" was ignoring the fact that it was a crime to murder an innocent person, and focusing instead on the fact that it was DUMB. In some cases, such as this one, it's a reasonable thing to do; but if it becomes a habit then moral judgment is deliberately suspended.
It's the asshole's substitute for moral fiber.
There is altogether too much Talleyranding going on. This wasn’t a blunder; it was a crime.
(Taken from the comments of Jim Henley's blog, *Unqualified Offerings*, "I Already Shot You"--May 31, 2010)
(Taken from the comments of Jim Henley's blog, *Unqualified Offerings*, "I Already Shot You"--May 31, 2010)
by Abu Yahya June 03, 2010
Get the Talleyranding mug.(FINANCE) a bond issued by the US Department of the Treasury. Unlike longer-term bonds, with regular scheduled interest payments, a T-bill is purely discounted. In other words, the lender--the person buying the bond--pays a price lower than the face value of the bond. When the bond matures (after, say, 91 days), then the buyer is paid the face value.
The yield on the T-bill is usually very low; for example, yesterday 13-week T-bill rates were 4.01%. Their price is set at auction.
The yield on the T-bill is usually very low; for example, yesterday 13-week T-bill rates were 4.01%. Their price is set at auction.
People usually suppose that the Federal Reserve System sets interest rates, but this only applies to the federal funds rate. The rates on other treasury securities, like T-bills, are set by auction.
by Abu Yahya May 14, 2010
Get the T-bill mug.to introduce a thing as currency, e.g., silver, gold, copper. In nearly all cases, when something has been monetized, it is legal tender and debtors are legally obligated to accept it as payment for debt.
Debt can also be monetized. A government can either buy the debt of companies whose growth it favors as a matter of policy (as in pre-War Japan) or permit its own bonds to be be used as banking reserves (for the creation of money).
Debt can also be monetized. A government can either buy the debt of companies whose growth it favors as a matter of policy (as in pre-War Japan) or permit its own bonds to be be used as banking reserves (for the creation of money).
by Abu Yahya January 23, 2009
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