Ciskei was one of the four apartheid “independent” homelands (TBVC states). It became a so-called republic in 1982 with its capital at Bhisho (then Bisho). Like the other homelands, it was only recognised by apartheid South Africa, not by the international community. Ciskei existed until 1994, when it was reincorporated into South Africa.
“The Bhisho massacre in Ciskei in 1992 highlighted the violence and instability of the apartheid homeland system.”
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