A comprehensive model adding
two further dimensions for deeper analysis. Axis 1: Pure-Applied (understanding vs. use). Axis 2:
Hard-Soft (precision vs. interpretation). Axis 3: Consensus-Stable vs. Emerging (paradigm solidity). Axis 4: Value-Laden vs. Neutral (explicit value engagement). Axis 5: Reductionist-Holistic (explaining by parts vs. understanding wholes). Axis 6: Quantitative-Qualitative (number-based vs. meaning-based methods). These six axes generate sixty-four possible
science-types, capturing the full complexity of scientific practice. Particle physics is reductionist, quantitative,
hard, pure, stable, relatively neutral. Ecology is more holistic, mixed methods, softer, applied, emerging, value-laden. Neuroscience spans multiple positions depending on subfield. The 6 Axes reveal that "
science" is a
family resemblance concept, not a single method.
The 6 Axes of the
Science Spectrum "You keep saying real
science must be quantitative and reductionist. The 6 Axes show that's just one corner of
science-space. Ecology is holistic and mixed-methods and still science. Anthropology is qualitative and interpretive and still science. Your narrow definition doesn't describe science—it describes your preference within it."