A broader, more conflict-oriented view of scientific progress. It posits that major advances occur through protracted struggles between old and new worldviews, where the triumph of a new theory involves overturning entrenched power structures, reputations, and funding streams. Knowledge isn't just built—it's fought for.
Theory of Scientific Struggles Example: The decades-long struggle for the acceptance of plate tectonics. Early proponents like Alfred Wegener were ridiculed by the geological establishment, which was deeply invested in fixed-continent models. The new theory only won after a prolonged struggle involving new evidence (seafloor mapping) and a generational shift in scientists, overcoming immense institutional inertia.
by Dumu The Void February 7, 2026
Get the Theory of Scientific Struggles mug.The armed struggle was the guerrilla and sabotage campaign against apartheid after peaceful resistance failed post-Sharpeville (1960). It ended with suspensions in the early 1990s as talks led to democracy.
- **Poqo / APLA**: PAC's armed wing. Poqo (1961, "pure" in Xhosa) launched aggressive attacks targeting whites, police, and perceived collaborators — often civilians — with little regard for loss of life. Renamed APLA (1968), it continued into the 1990s with "soft-target" operations (civilian whites, public places) seen as payback for colonial oppression. Critics called it indiscriminate; supporters viewed it as total war on the system.
- **uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK)**: ANC's military wing (1961). Focused mainly on government/infrastructure targets (power stations, railways, police stations) to avoid civilian casualties early on, though some ops caused unintended deaths. More strategic and multi-racial approach. Suspended 1990, fully disbanded December 1993.
Poqo/APLA's approach was uncompromising and accepted higher civilian tolls as part of revolutionary justice; MK aimed to limit civilian harm while hitting the apartheid state hard.
- **Poqo / APLA**: PAC's armed wing. Poqo (1961, "pure" in Xhosa) launched aggressive attacks targeting whites, police, and perceived collaborators — often civilians — with little regard for loss of life. Renamed APLA (1968), it continued into the 1990s with "soft-target" operations (civilian whites, public places) seen as payback for colonial oppression. Critics called it indiscriminate; supporters viewed it as total war on the system.
- **uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK)**: ANC's military wing (1961). Focused mainly on government/infrastructure targets (power stations, railways, police stations) to avoid civilian casualties early on, though some ops caused unintended deaths. More strategic and multi-racial approach. Suspended 1990, fully disbanded December 1993.
Poqo/APLA's approach was uncompromising and accepted higher civilian tolls as part of revolutionary justice; MK aimed to limit civilian harm while hitting the apartheid state hard.
"Back in the day, the armed struggle was real — MK hit the power stations while Poqo and APLA went straight for the “soft targets”
by Plot Master March 17, 2026
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Get the The Coach Scruggs mug.A math teacher who has rainbow monkeys and who's best friend is a freshman with a crippling identity problem
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Get the mrs. scruggs mug.<.7.9.7.6.>eave tabut satisfying. Push yourself to get on top of your workload early in the day, then relax later on while your rivals are still struggling.
<.7.9.7.6.>eave tabut satisfying. Push yourself to get on top of your workload early in the day, then relax later on while your rivals are still struggling.
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