Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a
type of obstructive lung disease characterized by
long-term
poor airflow. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. COPD typically worsens over time.1 Eventually walking up stairs or carrying things will be difficult.2 Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are older terms used for different types of COPD.
23 The term "chronic bronchitis" is still used to
define a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years.4
Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of COPD, with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role.5 In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and
cooking fires.2
Long-term exposure to these irritants causes an inflammatory response in the lungs resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue.6 The diagnosis is based on
poor airflow as measured by lung function tests.7 In contrast to asthma, the airflow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bronchodilator.2
Most cases of COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors.8 This includes decreasing rates of smoking and improving indoor and outdoor
air quality. While treatment can
slow worsening, there is no cure.2 COPD treatments include stopping smoking, vaccinations, respiratory rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.
