The mistaken belief that only exhaustive induction—examining every possible case—can establish truth. This fallacy rejects all probabilistic, statistical, or sampling-based reasoning as insufficient, demanding certainty that is rarely available and never necessary. It's the logic of "you can't prove all swans are white until you've seen every swan," ignoring that science doesn't prove in that sense. The fallacy of exhaustive induction is the mirror image of the fallacy of impossible induction: both set impossible standards, one by rejecting induction entirely, the other by demanding a form of induction that's rarely possible. Together, they form a pincer movement against any empirical claim.
Fallacy of Exhaustive Induction Example: "He demanded exhaustive proof that climate change was real: 'Have you measured every temperature reading everywhere on Earth for the last hundred years?' No, because that's impossible. But you don't need exhaustive proof; you need representative proof. He demanded the impossible and therefore rejected the possible. The fallacy had done its work: blocking belief with an unmeetable standard."
by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 17, 2026
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