The stronger, often discredited claim that human societies, their cultures, institutions, and technological trajectories are directly and inexorably shaped by their physical environment (climate, topography, resource availability). In its hard form, it suggests that geography is destiny, leaving little room for human agency, cultural innovation, or historical contingency. It's the idea that you can largely predict a society's fate by looking at a map.
Example: Hard Geographic Determinism would argue that the "laziness" attributed to certain tropical cultures is not cultural, but an inevitable adaptation to a hot climate where intense, sustained labor is physiologically dangerous, and food is abundant with little effort. It reduces complex history to environmental inputs, ignoring the vast diversity of societies that have arisen in similar landscapes. Theory of Geographic Determinism
by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 3, 2026
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