Critical Theory of Placebo Effect

The application of Critical Theory to the placebo effect itself—examining how the concept is used, what assumptions it carries, and how it functions in medical and scientific discourse. Critical Theory of Placebo Effect asks: Why is "placebo" often used dismissively? What does it mean that healing can occur without specific physiological mechanisms? How does the placebo effect challenge biomedical orthodoxy? Whose interests are served by treating placebo as "not real" rather than as a phenomenon worthy of study? It doesn't deny the reality of placebo but insists that our understanding of it is shaped by power, by assumptions about what counts as "real" medicine, and by the politics of healing.

"They call it 'just placebo' as if that ends the discussion. Critical Theory of Placebo Effect asks: why 'just'? The placebo effect is real, powerful, and poorly understood. Calling it 'just placebo' dismisses the body's capacity to heal, the mind's role in health, and the complexity of therapeutic relationships. Critical theory insists on asking: who benefits from treating placebo as nothing? And what would medicine look like if we took placebo seriously?"

Critical Theory of Placebo Effect by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal March 4, 2026