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Hindu Logico‑Epistemology

A tradition of logical and epistemological inquiry rooted in classical Indian philosophy, particularly the Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, and Mīmāṃsā schools. Hindu logico‑epistemology examines valid sources of knowledge (pramāṇas: perception, inference, comparison, testimony), the nature of fallacies, and the structure of debate. It differs from Western logic by its close integration with metaphysics, soteriology, and the analysis of verbal testimony as a legitimate epistemic source. It also developed sophisticated theories of negation, universals, and the self. Rediscovered in modern scholarship, it offers an alternative to Greco‑European logical frameworks.
Hindu Logico‑Epistemology Example: “Her work in Hindu logico‑epistemology showed that the Nyāya school’s theory of inference (anumāna) includes a nuanced treatment of doubt and exception that predates Western discussions of defeasibility.”