CrnaStrela's definitions
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
The city of Byzantium grew from an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the Bosporus.
In AD 330 the Roman emperor Constantine I, in an attempt to strengthen the empire, refounded Byzantium as Constantinople, the 'New Rome' and capital of the eastern half of the empire.
At his death in 395 Emperor Theodosius I divided the empire between his two sons, and it was never reunited.
Theodosius also made Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) the sole religion of the empire, and Constantinople assumed preeminence over other Christian centers in the East as Rome did in the West.
The city of Byzantium grew from an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the Bosporus.
In AD 330 the Roman emperor Constantine I, in an attempt to strengthen the empire, refounded Byzantium as Constantinople, the 'New Rome' and capital of the eastern half of the empire.
At his death in 395 Emperor Theodosius I divided the empire between his two sons, and it was never reunited.
Theodosius also made Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) the sole religion of the empire, and Constantinople assumed preeminence over other Christian centers in the East as Rome did in the West.
The fall of Rome to the Ostrogoths in 476 marked the end of the western half of the Roman Empire. The eastern half continued as the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. Constantine the Great wanted this city to be built from scratch as the center of the Christian world. The origional Christianity religion Eastern Orthodox church split into differnent factions, The great schism between Eastern and Western churches was mutually agreed to in 1054.
by CrnaStrela September 6, 2005
Get the Byzantinemug. Serbia dates back to the first half of the 9th century. The Kingdom of Serbia was established in the 11th century, Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the Nemanjic dynasty, rose to power in 1170 and started renewing the Serbian state in the Raska(south-west Serbia) region. In the 13th century it eventually expanded in land, the Serbian Empire. Medieval Serbia enjoyed a high political, economic and cultural reputation in Medieval Europe, reached its apex in mid-14th century, during the rule of Tzar Stefan Dusan. Tzar Stefan Dusan doubled the size of his kingdom seizing territories to the south, southeast and east. For at least half a mellenium, the serbs occupied lands extending from the Danube, Sava, and Morava rivers to the Adriatic Sea and the Šar Mountains. The Serbian emipre reached it's peak up to the end of the 14th century until the battle of kosovo where the serbian army was defeated my the turkish muslim army in 1389(Kosovo holds a symbolic place in Serbian History and is regarded as the heart of Serbia which is why the Serbian goverment will not allow is to become an interpentded state to the Albanians). Serbian resistance to Ottoman domination, latent for many decades surfaced at the beginning of 19th century with the First and Second Serbian Uprising in 1804 and 1815. Resulting from the uprisings and subsequent wars against the Ottoman Empire, the independent Principality of Serbia was formed and granted international recognition in 1878. The Balkan wars 1912 - 1913, terminated the Turkish domination in the Balkans(Austria in particular was shocked, five centuries of Turkish rule suddenly ended and Serbia had come out to be the most powerful balken nation). Turkey was pushed back across the channel, and national Balkan states were created in the territories it withdrew from. The assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franc Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, served as a pretext for the Austrian attack on Serbia that marked the beginning of World War I. The Serbian Army bravely defended its country and won several major victories. Serbia was finally overpowered by joint forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. The Serbian Army returned to combat on the Thessalonike front together with other Entante forces comprising France, England, Russia, Italy and the United States. In world War I Serbia had 1 264 000 casualties - 28% of its population (4 529 000) which also represented 58% of its male population - a loss it never fully recuperated from. This enormous sacrifice was the contribution Serbia gave to the Allied victory and the remodeling of Europe and of the World after World War I. With the end of World War I and the downfall of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire the conditions were met for proclaiming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians in December of 1918. The new state was to be dominated by the Serbs. Peter Karadjordjevic, who had been King of Serbia since 1903, became Knig of a new state. Belgrade now became the new national capital. Top positions in the army and civil service were filled by Serbs. Croatia , in particular, resented this Serbian dominance. After the war, idealist intellectuals gave way to politicians and the most influential Croatian politicians opposed the new state right from the start. To prevent any further weakening of the country, King Aleksandar I banned national political parties in 1929, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. During King Aleksandar I official visit to France in 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseilles by a member of VMRO - an extreme nationalist organization in Bulgaria that had plans to annex territories along the eastern and southern Yugoslav border - with the cooperation of the Ustashi - a Croatian fascist separatist organization.
At the beginning of the 1940's, Yugoslavia found itself surrounded by hostile countries. Except for Greece, all other neighboring countries had signed agreements with either Germany or Italy. Hitler was strongly pressuring Yugoslavia to join the Axis powers. Following the Nazi example, the Independent State of Croatia established extermination camps and perpetrated an atrocious genocide killing over 750 000 Serbs. This holocaust set the historical and political backdrop for the civil war that broke out fifty years later in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and that accompanied the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991-1995. The ruthless attitude of the German occupation forces and the genocidal policy of the Croatian Ustasha regime generated a strong Serbian Resistance. There were two main resistance groups - the Chetniks and the partisans. The Chetniks were Serbian and dedicated to the restoration of the Serbian goverment. The partisans were organised by the Communist leader Josip Broz Tito. The Serbs stood up against the Croatian genocidal government and the Nazi disintegration of Yugoslavia. Many joined the Partisan forces (National Liberation Army headed by Josib Broz Tito) in the liberation war and thus helped the Allied victory. By the end of 1944, with the help of the Red Army the Partisans liberated Serbia and by May 1945 the remaining Yugoslav territories, meeting up with the Allied forces in Hungary, Austria and Italy. Serbia and Yugoslavia were among the countries that had the greatest losses in the war: 1 700 000 (10.8% of the population) people were killed and national damages were estimated at 9.1 billion dollars according to the prices of that period. After the second world war, Stalin wanted Yugoslavia to remian dependent on the USSR. Tito objected in 1948 and was expelled from the Communist Bloc. During the 1970s there was increasing economic difficulties in Yugoslavia. Unrest started to rise and Tito agreed in 1974 to a drastic reform of the constitution. The power of the central goverment in Belgrade was drastically cut back and more power given to the six republican goverments - Serbia, Croatia, Slovania, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. The Albanians of Kosovo demanded that their region be made a full republic; the constitution of 1974 only served to widen the divisions within the country. In 1980 Tito died. After his death the country began to fall apart.
Between 1991 and 1992, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina forcibly seceded from Yugoslavia, whilst Macedonia did so peacefully. The civil war in Yugoslavia costed over 200 000 lives. Serbia and Montenegro opted to stay on in the federation and at the combined session of the parliaments of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro held on April 27 1992 in Belgrade, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was passed thus reaffirming the continuity of the state first founded on December 1st 1918.
At the beginning of the 1940's, Yugoslavia found itself surrounded by hostile countries. Except for Greece, all other neighboring countries had signed agreements with either Germany or Italy. Hitler was strongly pressuring Yugoslavia to join the Axis powers. Following the Nazi example, the Independent State of Croatia established extermination camps and perpetrated an atrocious genocide killing over 750 000 Serbs. This holocaust set the historical and political backdrop for the civil war that broke out fifty years later in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and that accompanied the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991-1995. The ruthless attitude of the German occupation forces and the genocidal policy of the Croatian Ustasha regime generated a strong Serbian Resistance. There were two main resistance groups - the Chetniks and the partisans. The Chetniks were Serbian and dedicated to the restoration of the Serbian goverment. The partisans were organised by the Communist leader Josip Broz Tito. The Serbs stood up against the Croatian genocidal government and the Nazi disintegration of Yugoslavia. Many joined the Partisan forces (National Liberation Army headed by Josib Broz Tito) in the liberation war and thus helped the Allied victory. By the end of 1944, with the help of the Red Army the Partisans liberated Serbia and by May 1945 the remaining Yugoslav territories, meeting up with the Allied forces in Hungary, Austria and Italy. Serbia and Yugoslavia were among the countries that had the greatest losses in the war: 1 700 000 (10.8% of the population) people were killed and national damages were estimated at 9.1 billion dollars according to the prices of that period. After the second world war, Stalin wanted Yugoslavia to remian dependent on the USSR. Tito objected in 1948 and was expelled from the Communist Bloc. During the 1970s there was increasing economic difficulties in Yugoslavia. Unrest started to rise and Tito agreed in 1974 to a drastic reform of the constitution. The power of the central goverment in Belgrade was drastically cut back and more power given to the six republican goverments - Serbia, Croatia, Slovania, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. The Albanians of Kosovo demanded that their region be made a full republic; the constitution of 1974 only served to widen the divisions within the country. In 1980 Tito died. After his death the country began to fall apart.
Between 1991 and 1992, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina forcibly seceded from Yugoslavia, whilst Macedonia did so peacefully. The civil war in Yugoslavia costed over 200 000 lives. Serbia and Montenegro opted to stay on in the federation and at the combined session of the parliaments of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro held on April 27 1992 in Belgrade, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was passed thus reaffirming the continuity of the state first founded on December 1st 1918.
by CrnaStrela September 6, 2005
Get the serbiamug. a country settled by the serbs in the 7th centurie. during the 15th centurie alot of them were converted to Islam. there are also many different ethnic groups from former Yugoslavia living in Bosnia today.
by CrnaStrela September 5, 2005
Get the Bosniamug. Serbian people have been constantly fighting for thier existence against hostile countrys that surrounded it. People that are also widely misunderstood as a bad guy and the western media just shows over the tv how serbs are always "killing" innocent people, in croatia and bosnia.
The fall of Srebrenica was used as an excuse for NATO savage bombing of Bosnian Serbs and all-out ethnic cleansing of Serbs from Krajina (Croatia). The Serbs who survived Hitler are now - again - free to be slaughtered and cleansed. Only two weeks after Srebrenica, American trained Croat Nazis cleanse 250,000 Serbs from Krajina thus achieving their Nazi goal of forming ethnically "pure" Croat state.
The basic facts carefully avoided by
Western media: Srebrenica(famous for the "massacre" in 1995 by serb forces) was founded by the Orthodox Serbs many centuries ago. Not one family was Muslim for centuries. It was not until the 15th cuenturie when the ottomen empire took over bosnia was then converted to islam. A year before the West decides to use Srebrenica as their key propaganda lie, the Serbs publish a book "The Chronicle of Our Cemetery" which clearly shows who the victim in Srebrenica and the surrounding villages is. The Serbs suffered genocidal onslaught by their Muslim neighbors. In this book, journalist and author Milivoje Ivanisevic documents all the details. Western experts dig far and wide in desperate attempt to find a cover for "mass murder" story. The activity only proves that Srebrenica was one big hoax. In Srebrenica At least 3,227 Serbs were murdered or have died after horrible torture in concentration camps in the Srebrenica district during 1992 - 1995 time period. The torture and murder was perpetrated by Bosnian Muslims. Belgrade based Research Center collected substantial documentation on Srebrenica Muslim war crimes.
During the war in bosnia Srebrenica did not fall once to the serbs(july 1995) but three times.
1) April 19, 1992 - Srebrenica falls to the Serbs for the first time. Srebrenica Muslims promise not to fight and offer their weapon. The Serbs trust them and offer autonomy in return. Only days later, though, the Muslims under leadership of Naser Oric, a cop turn war criminal, not only renege on the promise given - they start slaughtering Serbian civilians. The Islamic terrorists do it in their traditional, bestial fashion.
2) April 18, 1993 - After whole year of struggle and suffering where the West was supporting Bosnian Muslim side few different ways, the Serbs manage to militarily take over Srebrenica for the second time. With only tiny core of Srebrenica still under Muslim control, NATO countries threaten to carpet-bomb Bosnian Serbs if they do not withdraw. The Serbs agree but only under condition that peace be guaranteed to the region. The Muslims should disarm. All sides: Muslim, Serb and U.N. (i.e. NATO) representatives sign 11 point agreement that conforms to the Serbian demand. Srebrenica - the first "safe area" is born. NATO forces (in U.N. uniforms) are to disarm their Muslim proxy - but they renege on the agreement. U.S. secretly arms Bosnian Muslims. Srebrenica terrorists are now free to continue their atrocities against the Serbs. Islamic terror is under NATO protection.
3) July 12, 1995 - In order to convert NATO from defense force into a World Policeman the Western governments are ready to wage all out war against the Serbian people. But first they need a good excuse. They need a holocaust story. Clinton's Administration tells Islam fundamentalist leader of Bosnia, Alija Izetbegovic, that at least 5,000 Muslims should die. The two set Srebrenica as a trap. Naser Oric, leader of Srebrenica criminals, provokes the Serbs for the last time and then secretly withdraws with his close followers. The remaining Srebrenica Muslim forces are now without leadership. They battle among themselves whether they should oppose imminent Serb attack - or simply surrender. Most of them decide to leave their women and children and try suicidal break through thick Serbian defence lines - all the way to the next territory under Muslim control which is miles away. This insane strategy exacts heavy price. Great! The West gets its excuse. The World Policeman is born. God gives NATO right to control the Earth.
The aftermath of this story is no surprise. NATO airplanes are followed by NATO troops and large NATO bases. Bosnia is but a colony conquered. The lie about "Bosnian Serb mass-execution of Srebrenica men and boys" is revamped whenever the West is to tie their screws tighter on the conquered but rebellious Bosnian Serb population. Despite years of digging and lack of any material evidence to the atrocious claim - entire Bosnian Serb leadership (both military and political branch) is declared to be "war criminals." The intention is to decapitate and subdue the Serbian people. The side effect is utmost racism that denied one whole people the very right to exist. In other words the West conducts genocidal policy against the Orthodox Christian Serbs in Krajina, in Bosnia, in Kosovo, in Central Serbia.
It is high crime that the Serbs who settled in Bosnia in 7th century and who formed all the towns and villages through and through (including Srebrenica) are now denied the right to exist on the lands where their forefathers did for more than millennia. That is true crime.
The basic facts carefully avoided by
Western media: Srebrenica(famous for the "massacre" in 1995 by serb forces) was founded by the Orthodox Serbs many centuries ago. Not one family was Muslim for centuries. It was not until the 15th cuenturie when the ottomen empire took over bosnia was then converted to islam. A year before the West decides to use Srebrenica as their key propaganda lie, the Serbs publish a book "The Chronicle of Our Cemetery" which clearly shows who the victim in Srebrenica and the surrounding villages is. The Serbs suffered genocidal onslaught by their Muslim neighbors. In this book, journalist and author Milivoje Ivanisevic documents all the details. Western experts dig far and wide in desperate attempt to find a cover for "mass murder" story. The activity only proves that Srebrenica was one big hoax. In Srebrenica At least 3,227 Serbs were murdered or have died after horrible torture in concentration camps in the Srebrenica district during 1992 - 1995 time period. The torture and murder was perpetrated by Bosnian Muslims. Belgrade based Research Center collected substantial documentation on Srebrenica Muslim war crimes.
During the war in bosnia Srebrenica did not fall once to the serbs(july 1995) but three times.
1) April 19, 1992 - Srebrenica falls to the Serbs for the first time. Srebrenica Muslims promise not to fight and offer their weapon. The Serbs trust them and offer autonomy in return. Only days later, though, the Muslims under leadership of Naser Oric, a cop turn war criminal, not only renege on the promise given - they start slaughtering Serbian civilians. The Islamic terrorists do it in their traditional, bestial fashion.
2) April 18, 1993 - After whole year of struggle and suffering where the West was supporting Bosnian Muslim side few different ways, the Serbs manage to militarily take over Srebrenica for the second time. With only tiny core of Srebrenica still under Muslim control, NATO countries threaten to carpet-bomb Bosnian Serbs if they do not withdraw. The Serbs agree but only under condition that peace be guaranteed to the region. The Muslims should disarm. All sides: Muslim, Serb and U.N. (i.e. NATO) representatives sign 11 point agreement that conforms to the Serbian demand. Srebrenica - the first "safe area" is born. NATO forces (in U.N. uniforms) are to disarm their Muslim proxy - but they renege on the agreement. U.S. secretly arms Bosnian Muslims. Srebrenica terrorists are now free to continue their atrocities against the Serbs. Islamic terror is under NATO protection.
3) July 12, 1995 - In order to convert NATO from defense force into a World Policeman the Western governments are ready to wage all out war against the Serbian people. But first they need a good excuse. They need a holocaust story. Clinton's Administration tells Islam fundamentalist leader of Bosnia, Alija Izetbegovic, that at least 5,000 Muslims should die. The two set Srebrenica as a trap. Naser Oric, leader of Srebrenica criminals, provokes the Serbs for the last time and then secretly withdraws with his close followers. The remaining Srebrenica Muslim forces are now without leadership. They battle among themselves whether they should oppose imminent Serb attack - or simply surrender. Most of them decide to leave their women and children and try suicidal break through thick Serbian defence lines - all the way to the next territory under Muslim control which is miles away. This insane strategy exacts heavy price. Great! The West gets its excuse. The World Policeman is born. God gives NATO right to control the Earth.
The aftermath of this story is no surprise. NATO airplanes are followed by NATO troops and large NATO bases. Bosnia is but a colony conquered. The lie about "Bosnian Serb mass-execution of Srebrenica men and boys" is revamped whenever the West is to tie their screws tighter on the conquered but rebellious Bosnian Serb population. Despite years of digging and lack of any material evidence to the atrocious claim - entire Bosnian Serb leadership (both military and political branch) is declared to be "war criminals." The intention is to decapitate and subdue the Serbian people. The side effect is utmost racism that denied one whole people the very right to exist. In other words the West conducts genocidal policy against the Orthodox Christian Serbs in Krajina, in Bosnia, in Kosovo, in Central Serbia.
It is high crime that the Serbs who settled in Bosnia in 7th century and who formed all the towns and villages through and through (including Srebrenica) are now denied the right to exist on the lands where their forefathers did for more than millennia. That is true crime.
by CrnaStrela September 22, 2005
Get the Serbianmug. Belgrade (Beograd) is the capital of Serbia, with 1.6 million people living there. It is located in the South-East of Europe, in the Balkan Peninsula, at the flowing rivers of the Sava and Danube rivers. It is one of the oldest cities in Europe and since ancient times it has been an important traffic focal point, an intersection of the roads of Eastern and Western Europe.
by CrnaStrela September 6, 2005
Get the Belgrademug. europe dates back longer then you think it does, Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 7th millennium BC in Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC. There is no prehistoric culture that covers the whole of Europe. For short introductions to the various cultures like Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
The first well-known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans of the island of Crete and later the Myceneans in the adjacent parts of Greece, starting at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Around 400 BC, the La Tene culture spread over most of the interior as far as the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), and later Anatolia. The Etruscans inhabited central Italy and Lombardy, where they were displaced by the Celts, who mingled with earlier residents of Iberia to produce a unique Celtiberian culture. As the Celts did not use a written language, knowledge of them is piecemeal. The Romans encountered them and recorded a great deal about them; these records and the archaeological evidence form our primary understanding of this extremely influential culture. The Celts posed a formidable, if disorganized, competition to the Roman state, that later colonized and conquered much of the southern portion of Europe.
The first well-known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans of the island of Crete and later the Myceneans in the adjacent parts of Greece, starting at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Around 400 BC, the La Tene culture spread over most of the interior as far as the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), and later Anatolia. The Etruscans inhabited central Italy and Lombardy, where they were displaced by the Celts, who mingled with earlier residents of Iberia to produce a unique Celtiberian culture. As the Celts did not use a written language, knowledge of them is piecemeal. The Romans encountered them and recorded a great deal about them; these records and the archaeological evidence form our primary understanding of this extremely influential culture. The Celts posed a formidable, if disorganized, competition to the Roman state, that later colonized and conquered much of the southern portion of Europe.
by CrnaStrela September 5, 2005
Get the europemug. Antichrist will succeed in deceiving many. By his earthly successes and charm, Antichrist will deceive millions. The ungodly world as well as many in the churches will fawn over him. Those who do not will not only be mocked, they will be killed.
by CrnaStrela September 5, 2005
Get the atheistmug.