Something that strikes a chord in someone's thinking, creating a spur of "enlightenment" and stimulation in knowledge, especially in subjects like philosophy & logic.
John: Hey, have you seen that recent philosophical discussion between XXX and YYY on YouTube?
Peter: Yeah, it was so good it gave me a brainboner.
The feeling you get when you are having a lively discussion or listening to an engaging lecture and everything makes sense and it gives you a bunch of new ideas about the topic at hand. The intellectual equivalent of an erection.
DeSean: oh man, that lecture given by Dr. Kobilka about G protein-coupled receptor dynamics gave me a massivebrainboner.
Derrick: uhh...right, yeah, totally dude. *pssst* Jimmy, I think we need to re-evaluate our friendship with DeSean...